The interaction of immune cells with drugs and/or with other cell types should be
mechanistically investigated in order to reduce attrition of new drug development. However …

Immunomodulation in the local tissue microenvironment is pivotal for the determination of
macrophage phenotypes and regulation of functions necessary for pro-healing effects …

Organs On-a-Chip represent novel platforms for modelling human physiology and disease.
The lymph node (LN) is a relevant immune organ in which B and T lymphocytes are spatially …

Pharmaceutical drugs and compounds used for consumer products may bear the risk of
unexpected immuno-toxicological side effects, such as sensitization, allergy, anaphylaxis or …

Highlights•Immune system plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis of the human
body.•Development of immune-system-on-a-chip platforms is in its infancy.•Several …

It has been widely recognised that the phylogenetic distance between laboratory animals
and humans limits the former's predictive value for immunogenicity testing of …

In recent years, engineering of various human tissues in microphysiologically relevant
platforms, known as organs‐on‐chips (OOCs), are explored to establish in vitro tissue …

Bridging the gap between findings in preclinical 2D cell culture models and in vivo tissue
cultures has been challenging; the simple microenvironment of 2D monolayer culture …

Experimentally accessible tools to replicate the complex biological events of in vivo organs
offer the potential to reveal mechanisms of disease and potential routes to therapy. In …

Organs-on-chip are gaining increasing attention as promising platforms for drug screening
and testing applications. However, lymph nodes-on-chip options remain limited although the …