The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cytoprotective response that is aimed at restoring
cellular homeostasis following physiological stress exerted on the endoplasmic reticulum …

ABSTRACT Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2
coronavirus infection is a major global public health concern affecting millions of people …

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is triggered by perturbations in ER function such as those
caused by protein misfolding or by increases in protein secretion. Eukaryotic cells respond …

The innate immune system acts as the first line of defense against pathogens, including
coronaviruses (CoVs). Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV and Middle East …

Infection by highly pathogenic coronaviruses results in substantial apoptosis. However, the
physiological relevance of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of coronavirus infections is …

Highlights•Endoplasmic reticulum provides a scaffold for RNA virus activities.•Plant
potexvirus, potyvirus, and reovirus species activate the unfolded protein response.•Key viral …

The outbreak of COVID-19 caused by 2019–nCov/SARS-CoV-2 has become a pandemic
with an urgent need for understanding the mechanisms and identifying a treatment. Viral …

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the site of protein synthesis, protein folding, maintainance of
calcium homeostasis, synthesis of lipids and sterols. Genetic or environmental insults can …

Unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cellular homeostatic response to endoplasmic
reticulum (ER) stress. Increasing evidence suggests an intimate relationship between virus …

The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a key player in regulating the intracellular sorting
and degradation of proteins. In this study we investigated the role of the UPS in different …