Cells are continuously exposed to a variety of environmental stresses and have to decide 'to
be or not to be'depending on the types and strength of stress. Among the many signaling …

Mitogen-activated/extracellular response kinase kinase (MEK) kinase (MEKK) is a serine-
threonine kinase that regulates sequential protein phosphorylation pathways, leading to the …

p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs), together with extracellular signal‐regulated
kinases (ERKs) and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinases (JNKs), constitute the MAPK family. Multiple …

Mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways constitute a large modular network that
regulates a variety of physiological processes, such as cell growth, differentiation, and …

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) regulate diverse cellular programs including
embryogenesis, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis based on cues derived from the …

To maximize advantages and reduce costs associated with life as an interdependent
community of cells, multicellular organisms have evolved common mechanisms to regulate …

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades are activated in response to various
extracellular stimuli, including growth factors and environmental stresses. A MAP kinase …

Abstract p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPKs) are a group of serine/threonine
protein kinases that together with ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinases) and JNK (c …

The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) group of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) is
activated in mammalian cells by environmental stress, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and …

MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling pathways regulate a variety of biological
processes through multiple cellular mechanisms. In most of these processes, such as …