Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), which are members of the
mitogen-activated protein kinase superfamily, have been well characterized and are known …

Programmed cell death or apoptosis is the regulatory mechanism for removing unneeded
cells during animal development and in tissue homeostasis. Perturbation of the cell death …

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase 4 (MKK4) is a component of stress activated
MAP kinase signaling modules. It directly phosphorylates and activates the c-Jun N-terminal …

Ionizing radiation, like a variety of other cellular stress factors, can activate or down-regulate
multiple signaling pathways, leading to either increased cell death or increased cell …

The Akt family of serine/threonine-directed kinases promotes cellular survival in part by
phosphorylating and inhibiting death-inducing proteins. Here we describe a novel functional …

The family members of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases mediate a wide variety
of cellular behaviors in response to extracellular stimuli. One of the four main sub-groups …

Antitumor agents, despite having diverse primary mechanisms of action, mediate their
effects by inducing apoptosis in tumor cells. Cellular commitment to apoptosis, or the ability …

An abundance of scientific literature exists demonstrating that oxidative stress influences the
MAPK signaling pathways. This review summarizes these findings for the ERK, JNK, p38 …

c-Jun N-terminal kinases/stress-activated protein kinases (JNKs/SAPKs) are mitogen-
activated protein kinase (MAPK)-related protein kinases that are involved in several cellular …

MAPKKK5/ASK1 activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 kinase signaling
pathways and induces apoptosis when expressed in stably transfected cells. Using …