Flexible or innovative behavior is advantageous, especially when animals are exposed to
frequent and unpredictable environmental perturbations. Improved cognitive abilities can …

Different kinds of experience during early life can play a significant role in the development
of an animal's behavioural phenotype. In natural contexts, this influences behaviours from …

Most fishes experiencing challenging environments are able to adjust and adapt their
physiology and behaviour to help them cope more effectively. Much of this flexibility is …

Behavioural plasticity is an advantageous trait for animals living in dynamic environments,
and can be induced through learning. While some behavioural traits are innate, others are …

Despite the common assumption that the brain is malleable to surrounding conditions
mainly during ontogeny, plastic neural changes can occur also in adulthood. One of the …

Animal species, including humans, display patterns of individual variability in cognition that
are difficult to explain. For instance, some individuals perform well in certain cognitive tasks …

Pollutants, and more generally, environmental stressors, are a neglected source of
behavioral and cognitive variations in wild populations. Based on recent literature in fish, we …

The surrounding environments that animals inhabit shape their behavioral phenotypes,
physiological status and molecular processes. As one of the driving forces for the adaptation …

Sensory input to the central nervous system is the primary means by which animals respond
to variation in their physical and biological environments. It is well established that key …

Human beings have harvested fish resources for thousands of years, but only during the
past century has the development of new fishing technologies produced detrimental impacts …