ABSTRACT Clade 2.3. 4.4 H5N6 avian influenza virus (AIV) has been predominant in
poultry in China, and the circulating haemagglutinin (HA) gene has changed from clade 2.3 …

The interaction between migratory birds and domestic waterfowl facilitates viral co-
infections, leading to viral reassortment and the emergence of novel viruses. In 2022 …

H3 subtype influenza A virus is one of the main subtypes that threats both public and animal
health. However, the evolution and pathogenicity of H3 avian influenza virus (AIV) …

ABSTRACT H5N8, a highly pathogenic avian influenza, has become a new zoonotic threat
in recent years. As of December 28, 2021, at least 3,206 H5N8 cases had been reported in …

The H3 influenza viruses are widespread in domestic poultry but have been ignored
because their pathogenicity in poultry is low. Three human infections with H3N8 influenza …

Constant surveillance of live poultry markets (LPMs) is currently the best way to predict and
identify emerging avian influenza viruses (AIVs) that pose a potential threat to public health …

H6 avian influenza viruses (AIVs), which are prevalent in domestic and wild birds in
Eurasian countries, have been isolated from pigs, a dog and a human. Routine virological …

H6 avian influenza virus (AIV) is one of the most prevalent AIV subtypes in the world. Our
previous studies have demonstrated that H6 AIVs isolated from live poultry markets pose a …

Introduction The H9N2 subtype is a predominant avian influenza virus (AIV) circulating in
Chinese poultry, forming various genotypes (AW) based on gene segment origins. This …

H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) can cause respiratory symptoms and decrease the egg
production. Additionally, H9N2 AIVs can provide internal genes for reassortment with other …