We examined how a highly familiar environmental space—one's city of residence—is
represented in memory. Twenty-six participants faced a photo-realistic virtual model of their …

When people learn an environment, they appear to establish a principle orientation just as
they would determine the “top” of a novel object. Evidence for reference orientations has …

This paper reports an exploration of how perspective information contributes to localizing
and orienting oneself in a real‐world, unfamiliar environment. Participants were asked to …

Determining one's current location and locating a goal relative to one's position are
important components of successful human navigation in familiar environments. Several …

This experiment investigated the frames of reference used in memory to represent the
spatial structure of a large-scale outdoor environment. Participants learned the locations of …

To successfully navigate to a target, it is useful to be able to define its location at multiple
levels of specificity. For example, the location of a favorite coffee mug can be described in …

Does the mind rely on similar systems of spatial representation for both perception and
action? Here, we assessed the format of location representations in two simple spatial …

Seven experiments examined the spatial reference systems used in memory to represent
the locations of objects in the environment. Participants learned the locations of common …

Recent evidence indicates that mental representations of large (ie, navigable) spaces are
viewpoint dependent when observers are restricted to a single view. The purpose of the …

This research explores human performance in a spatial orientation task. In three
experiments, participants saw a target highlighted in a visual scene and were asked to …