We compared the antinociception produced by brief intermittent foot shock (0.8-1.0 mA for
20 sec) and morphine by measuring the peak and duration of the effect, the consequences …

Background Preemptive treatment with a combination of inhalation anesthesia plus
intrathecal morphine has been shown to inhibit development of hyperalgesia that follows …

The contribution of excitatory amino acids (EAAs) to the development of central sensitization
and persistent nociception in response to tissue injury in rats was examined following the …

Substance P (SP) has been proposed as a mediator of nociception in the dorsal horn of the
spinal cord. Activation of nociceptive pathways by stimuli such as formalin injected into the …

This study examines the dose dependent analgesic effects of two doses of morphine and a
single dose of alfentanil on experimentally induced cutaneous pain. In 16 healthy volunteers …

Several studies have demonstrated the presence of opioid inducible receptors on peripheral
nerves and peripheral antinociceptive effects of opioids. However, the effects of peripheral …

Background mu-Opioid receptor agonists are strong analgesics. However, their usefulness
for preemptive analgesia is controversial. The authors tested antinociceptive and preemptive …

Subcutaneous injection of formalin produces a biphasic pain response: a transient early
phase followed by a tonic late phase. It has recently been suggested that development of the …

The formalin test has been established as a method for evaluating mouse models of pain.
Although there have been numerous reports of formalin-pain-induced behavior, few reports …

The formalin test was originally developed by Dubuisson and Dennis (1977), and has since
been extensively used to assess pain-related responses. Rats and mice are the most …