Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a complex injury that can cause severe disabilities and even
death. TBI can induce secondary injury cascades, including but not limited to endoplasmic …

Background Two families of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), omega-3 (ω-3) and omega-6
(ω-6), are required for physiological functions. The long chain ω-3 PUFAs, eicosapentaenoic …

It is well established that high levels of unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) can be toxic to the
central nervous system, and oxidative stress is emerging as a relevant event in the …

Ursolic acid (UA), a well-known anti-oxidative reagent, has been reported to protect the
brain against ischemic stoke. However, the potential role of UA in protecting against early …

Microglial activation and the inflammatory response in the central nervous system (CNS)
play important roles in secondary damage after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Transcriptional …

Background Curcumin, a polyphenolic compound extracted from the plant turmeric, has
protective effects on spinal cord injury (SCI) through attenuation of inflammatory response …

Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of early brain injury (EBI)
following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The aim of this study was to assess whether …

Humans exhibit a rich intestinal microbiome that contain high levels of bacteria capable of
producing 3-oxo-lithocholic acid (3-oxoLCA) and other secondary bile acids (BAs). The …

Abstract Background Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) is a major active component of yellow
pigment extracted from safflowers; this compound possesses potent neuroprotective effects …

Abstract Excessive exposure to Copper (Cu) may result in Cu toxicity and adversely affect
health outcomes. We investigated the protective role of rutin on Cu‐induced brain damage …