There is national and international recognition of the importance of innovation, technology
transfer, and entrepreneurship for sustained economic revival. With the decline of industrial …

Drawing on histories of technological innovation originating from research by faculty at The
Pennsylvania State University and Johns Hopkins University, this paper presents evidence …

Texas A&M created quite a stir in May 2006 when it added commercialization considerations
as a sixth factor to be taken into account when faculty are evaluated for tenure. Somewhat …

Universities are under increasing political pressure to assert, measure, and improve their
impact on national wellbeing, with attention primarily to economic growth, job creation, and …

Traditional conceptions of university-industry technology transfer typically focus on patenting
and licensing of academic inventions. However, effective technology transfer often requires …

In the early part of the 20th century, academic researchers rarely patented their results.
There was widespread fear that the effects of patenting would commercialize the academic …

Modern economies are characterized by a significant division of labor in the production of
scientific and technical advance. In broad generalization, universities, other non-profit …

Despite the growing interest in university–industry interactions, there has been little
systematic assessment of the university scientists who work with private companies. This …

The last quarter-century bore witness to a sea change in academic involvement with
commerce. Widespread university-based efforts to identify, manage, and market intellectual …

For most readers of this paper, the striking increase in patenting and licensing activities at
American research universities since the late 1970s is a familiar story. The number of …