In the course of an immune response to an infectious microbe, pathogen-specific naïve
CD4+ T cells proliferate extensively and differentiate into effector cells. Most of these cells …

Immunological memory is characterized by the ability to provide protection from secondary
exposure to pathogens. CD8+ memory T cells provide protection from cell-associated …

A critical aim of vaccine‐related research is to identify the mechanisms by which memory T
cells are formed and maintained over long periods of time. In recent years, we have …

The generation of effective adaptive T-cell memory is a cardinal feature of the adaptive
immune system. The establishment of protective T-cell immunity requires the differentiation …

ABSTRACT CD4 T-cell help is required for optimal memory CD8 T-cell responses. We have
found that engaging preexisiting CD4 Th1, but not Th2, memory cells at the time of CD8 T …

The developmental pathways of long-lived memory CD8 T cells and the lineage relationship
between memory T cell subsets remain controversial. Although some studies indicate the …

Immunization in the absence of CD4+ T cell help results in defective CD8+ T cell memory,
deficient recall responses and diminished protective immunity. Here we investigated at what …

Following infection, T cells differentiate into a heterogeneous population of effector T cells
that can mediate pathogen clearance. A subset of these effector T cells possesses the ability …

Naive CD4+ T cells become memory cells after proliferating in response to their cognate
major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII)-bound peptide and passing through an …

A functional memory T cell pool is critical for resistance to pathogen reinfection.
Lymphopenia produces memory-like CD8+ T cells through homeostatic proliferation, and …