Major transformations in brain size and proportions, such as the enlargement of the brain
during the evolution of birds, are accompanied by profound modifications to the skull roof …

Living lagomorphs (hares, rabbits, and pikas) are not very different from their close fossil
representatives of the Upper Eocene. Nevertheless, this conservative order of mammals has …

Artiodactyl postcrania are commonly used as paleoecological indicators but these studies
are usually limited to artiodactyls within a single family. Here, we use 3D geometric …

Background High morphological diversity can occur in closely related animals when
selection favors morphologies that are subject to intrinsic biological constraints. A good …

We performed an exploratory analysis of the morphology of the cranium in the white olm
(Proteus anguinus anguinus) and the black olm (P. a. parkelj) with micro-CT scanning and …

An increasing number of paleobiological studies use preexisting cladistic data sets to
estimate shifting levels of morphological disparity over time, and investigate the relative …

Accurate reconstructions of phylogeny are essential for studying the evolution of a clade,
and morphological characters are necessarily used for the reconstruction of the …

Long bones comprise articular ends (epiphyses) joined by transitional metaphyses and a
diaphysis (shaft). The structure of the latter is often viewed as regularly tubular across …

The two extant genera of tree sloths, Bradypus and Choloepus, exhibit highly similar
suspensory postures and modes of locomotion. Fossil sloths are far more abundant and …

Morphological integration of skull modules can explain the outstanding morphological
diversity of the rostrum in phyllostomids, the largest radiation of bats in the Western …