Morphological characters are indispensable in phylogenetic analyses for understanding the
pattern, process, and tempo of evolution. If characters are independent and free of …

In fossilised vertebrates, the presence of soft tissues is the most obvious way to determine
aspects of anatomy and functional morphology; however, occurrences are rare and other …

Principal component analysis has been used to test for similarities in ecology and life habit
between modern and fossil birds; however, the two main portions of the hind limb—the foot …

Living lagomorphs (hares, rabbits, and pikas) are not very different from their close fossil
representatives of the Upper Eocene. Nevertheless, this conservative order of mammals has …

Major transformations in brain size and proportions, such as the enlargement of the brain
during the evolution of birds, are accompanied by profound modifications to the skull roof …

The occasion of the Xenarthra Symposium during the ICVM 9 meeting allowed us to reflect
on the considerable advances in the knowledge of sloths made by the “X-community” over …

Artiodactyl postcrania are commonly used as paleoecological indicators but these studies
are usually limited to artiodactyls within a single family. Here, we use 3D geometric …

An increasing number of paleobiological studies use preexisting cladistic data sets to
estimate shifting levels of morphological disparity over time, and investigate the relative …

We performed an exploratory analysis of the morphology of the cranium in the white olm
(Proteus anguinus anguinus) and the black olm (P. a. parkelj) with micro-CT scanning and …

Background High morphological diversity can occur in closely related animals when
selection favors morphologies that are subject to intrinsic biological constraints. A good …