Morphological integration of skull modules can explain the outstanding morphological
diversity of the rostrum in phyllostomids, the largest radiation of bats in the Western …

Long bones comprise articular ends (epiphyses) joined by transitional metaphyses and a
diaphysis (shaft). The structure of the latter is often viewed as regularly tubular across …

Background Skulls serve many functions and as a result, are subject to many different
evolutionary pressures. In squamates, many fossorial species occupy a unique region of …

Background A major goal in evolutionary biology is to understand the evolution of
phenotypic diversity. Both natural and sexual selection play a large role in generating …

Sexual dimorphism (SD) is extremely common in species that have reproductive roles
segregated into separate sexes, and it has been recognized in several mammalian …

Many questions in evolutionary biology require the quantification and comparison of rates of
phenotypic evolution. Recently, phylogenetic comparative methods have been developed …

Published cladistic reconstructions of galagonid phylogeny based on morphological,
behavioral, and genetic data have had few elements in common. A recent molecular study …

Despite increased use of genomic data in phylogenetics, morphological information remains
vital for resolving evolutionary relationships, particularly for fossil taxa. The properties and …

Recent paleoanthropological discoveries reveal a diverse, potentially speciose human fossil
record. Such extensive morphological diversity results from the action of divergent …

Background Talpids include forms with different degree of fossoriality, with major
specializations in the humerus in the case of the fully fossorial moles. We studied the …