Introduction: Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors modulate lung inflammation and cause
bronchodilation by increasing intracellular cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate in airway …

Introduction Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) is responsible for the hydrolysis
of cAMP, which has become an attractive therapeutic target for lung, skin, and severe …

Chronic respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and
asthma, affect millions of people all over the world. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate …

Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a superfamily of enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of
cAMP and/or cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP) to their inactive form. PDE4 is the …

Xanthines like theophylline have long been recognised as being effective drugs for the
treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). They are of interest …

First-generation phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors, such as rolipram, inhibit the
activation of immune and inflammatory cells. The clinical use of these compounds is limited …

Introduction: PDEs are key enzymes in the adenosine and guanosine cyclic nucleotides
(cAMP and cGMP) signaling cascade. Their inhibition increases cyclic nucleotide levels …

Selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors are a class of nonsteroid anti-inflammatory
drugs for treating chronic inflammatory diseases. Modulation of systemic and airway …

Phosphodiesterase-4 isoenzymes have absolute specificity for cyclic adenosine-3′, 5′-
monophosphate and are considered potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of chronic …

Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are common chronic respiratory
diseases. Both diseases have incompletely distinct pathophysiology, clinical manifestation …