Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are deadly weapons used by phagocytes and other cell
types, such as lung epithelial cells, against pathogens. ROS can kill pathogens directly by …

Several biological processes as well as infectious agents, physiological or environmental
stress, and perturbed antioxidant response can promote oxidative stress. Oxidative stress …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a chemically defined group of reactive molecules
derived from molecular oxygen. ROS are involved in a plethora of processes in cells in all …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) react preferentially with certain atoms to modulate functions
ranging from cell homeostasis to cell death. Molecular actions include both inhibition and …

Oxygen and nitrogen radicals are frequently produced during viral infections. These radicals
are not only a physiological mechanism for pathogen clearance but also result in many …

Oxidative stress, particularly reactive oxygen species (ROS), are important for innate
immunity against pathogens. ROS directly attack pathogens, regulate and amplify immune …

The purpose of this review is to analyze the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the
pathogenesis of viral infections, an area of research that has recently gained momentum …

Oxidative stress is defined as an imbalance between the levels of reactive oxygen species
(ROS) and antioxidant defences. The view of oxidative stress as a cause of cell damage has …

Viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections comprise a vast group of etiological agents that
cause acute or chronic diseases. According to WHO, they represent one of the major causes …

The immune system protects the host from a plethora of microorganisms and toxins through
its unique ability to distinguish self from non-self. To perform this delicate but essential task …