The normal, biologically productive ocean is characterized by a gradient of the 13C/12C
ratio from surface to deep waters. Here we present stable isotope data from planktonic and …

The start of the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum—a period of exceptional global
warming about 55 million years ago—is marked by a prominent negative carbon isotope …

Ocean anoxic events were periods of high carbon burial that led to drawdown of
atmospheric carbon dioxide, lowering of bottom-water oxygen concentrations and, in many …

Oxygen isotopic studies both of benthic formanifera1–5 and shallow-marine carbonates6–8
have provided a useful monitor of marine palaeotemperatures. The Deep Sea Drilling …

Organic carbon buried in marine sediment serves as a net sink for atmospheric carbon
dioxide and a source of oxygen,. The rate of organic carbon burial through geologic history …

Differences between the carbon isotopic values of carbonates secreted by planktic and
benthic organisms did not recover to stable preextinction levels for more than 3 million years …

Perhaps the most significant event in the Cretaceous record of the carbon isotope
composition of carbonate1, 2, other than the 1–2.5‰ negative shift in the carbon isotope …

THE stable-carbon isotopic composition of marine organic material has varied significantly
over geological time, and reflects significant excursions in the isotopic fractionation …

Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and climate are regulated on geological
timescales by the balance between carbon input from volcanic and metamorphic outgassing …

Abstract CHANGES in the isotope content of the large marine carbon reservoir can force
shifts in that of the smaller carbon pools in the atmosphere and on land. The carbon isotope …