Background We investigated the prevalence of wild-type virus (no major drug resistance)
and drug resistance mutations at second-line antiretroviral treatment (ART) failure in a large …

Background Studies of patients failing second-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) in resource-
limited settings (RLS) are few. Evidence suggests most patients who appear to be …

Limited data exist on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) resistance in patients
who are not responding to protease inhibitor (PI)–based regimens in resource-limited …

Limited data exist on HIV‐1 drug resistance patterns in South Africa following second‐line
protease‐inhibitor containing regimen failure. This study examined drug resistance patterns …

Objectives Limited availability of viral load (VL) monitoring in HIV treatment programmes in
sub-Saharan Africa can delay switching to second-line ART, leading to the accumulation of …

Background. As antiretroviral therapy (ART) programs in sub-Saharan Africa mature,
increasing numbers of persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection will …

Background. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) drug resistance may limit the
benefits of antiretroviral therapy (ART). This cohort study examined patterns of drug …

We analyzed antiretroviral drug susceptibility in HIV-infected adults failing first-and second-
line antiretroviral treatment (ART) in Rakai, Uganda. Samples obtained from participants at …

Objectives To analyze the patterns and risk factors of HIV drug resistance mutations among
patients failing second-line treatment and to describe early treatment responses to …

In settings of resource constraint, an understanding of HIV drug resistance can guide
antiretroviral therapy (ART) at switch to second‐line therapy. To determine the prevalence of …