Background The lack of HIV type-1 (HIV-1) viral load (VL) monitoring in resource-limited
settings might favour the accumulation of resistance mutations and thus hamper second-line …

The virological response and development of drug resistance during first‐line anti‐retroviral
treatment (ART) were studied in Indonesia where the majority of patients infected with HIV …

Introduction Antiretroviral therapy (ART) in resource-limited settings has expanded in the last
decade, reaching> 8 million individuals and reducing AIDS mortality and morbidity …

Standard genotypic antiretroviral resistance testing, performed by bulk sequencing, does not
readily detect variants that comprise< 20% of the circulating HIV-1 RNA population …

Objectives To assess the prevalence of acquired drug resistance in HIV-1-infected patients
living in Monrovia, Liberia, who had clinical and/or immunological failure of first-line ART …

Background The emergence and transmission of HIV-1 drug resistance (HIVDR) has raised
concerns after rapid global antiretroviral therapy (ART) scale-up. There are limited data on …

Objectives In low–middle-income countries, increasing levels of HIV drug resistance
(HIVDR) on second-line protease inhibitor (PI)-based regimens are a cause for concern …

Background Newer antiretroviral treatment regimens for HIV carry a lower risk of inducing
drug resistance mutations. We estimated changes in incidence rates (IRs) of new mutations …

Objective This study aims to describe the virological, immunological and clinical efficacy of
protease inhibitor (PI)-based second-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) in rural South Africa …

Background. The limited access to virological monitoring in developing countries is a major
weakness of the current antiretroviral treatment (ART) strategy in these settings. We …