The development of many electrolyte disturbances in the ICU can be prevented by attention
to the use of intravenous fluids and nutrition. Hyponatremia is a relative contraindication to …

Purpose. The treatment of electrolyte disorders in adult patients in the intensive care unit
(ICU), including guidelines for correcting specific electrolyte disorders, is reviewed …

Of all the fluid and electrolyte disturbances, hypernatremia is the easiest to evaluate and
treat: no list of causes of" pseudohypernatremia" to consider; no adjustment to make for the …

BACKGROUND: Hypernatremia is a serious electrolyte disturbance and an independent risk
factor for mortality in critically ill patients. In many cases, hypernatremia is an iatrogenic …

The usual way to decide why hyponatremia or hypernatremia has developed and to plan
goals for its therapy is to analyze events in electrolyte-free water (EFW) terms. We shall …

Disturbances in fluid and electrolytes are among the most common clinical problems
encountered in the intensive care unit (ICU). Recent studies have reported that fluid and …

Hypernatremia, defined as plasma sodium concentration> 145 mEq/L, is frequently
encountered in critically ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Hypernatremia …

Patients with acute and chronic renal failure are vulnerable to a wide variety of acid–base
and electrolyte disturbances. The variety is related not only to predictable disturbances that …

To evaluate the incidence and causes of hyponatremia in intensive care unit (ICU) patients,
retrospective and prospective studies were done. Hyponatremia was defined as a serum …

Hypernatremia is common in intensive care units. It has detrimental effects on various
physiologic functions and was shown to be an independent risk factor for increased mortality …