Steep concentration gradients of many ions are actively maintained, with lower
concentrations typically located in the cytosol, and higher concentrations in organelles and …

Inorganic cations play decisive roles in many cellular and physiological processes and are
essential components of plant nutrition. Therefore, the uptake of cations and their …

Plant calcium (Ca2+) gradients, millimolar levels in the vacuole and micromolar levels in the
cytoplasm, are regulated in part by high-capacity vacuolar cation/H+ exchangers (CAXs) …

In plants, yeast, and bacteria, cation/H+ exchangers (CAXs) have been shown to translocate
Ca 2+ and other metal ions utilizing the H+ gradient. The best characterized of these related …

Cation levels within the cytosol are coordinated by a network of transporters. Here, we
examine the functional roles of calcium exchanger 1 (CAX1), a vacuolar H+/Ca2+ …

Cation/proton exchangers (CAX s) are a class of secondary energised ion transporter that
are being implicated in an increasing range of cellular and physiological functions. CAX s …

Ion compartmentalization is essential for plant growth and development. The Arabidopsis
open reading frames for CAX1, CAX2, and CAX3 (cation exchangers 1, 2, and 3) were …

In plants, high capacity tonoplast cation/H+ antiport is mediated in part by a family of cation
exchanger (CAX) transporters. Functional association between CAX1 and CAX3 has …

Transporter-mediated Ca2+ efflux from the cytoplasm is an important component of plant
signal transduction. To elucidate the diversity and role of Ca2+/H+ in controlling plant …

In plants, high capacity tonoplast cation/H+ antiport is mediated in part by a family of CAX
(cation exchanger) transporters. Functional association between CAX1 and CAX3 has …