Introduction: The most conventional drug delivery systems exist with limitations such as drug
degradation, toxicity and low bioavailability. Also, hypodermic injections can cause pain …

Transdermal drug delivery (TDD) provides an attractive and alternative drug delivery when
compared to oral and other drug delivery as the former route offers several advantages like …

Since the first patent for microneedles was filed in the 1970s, research on utilising
microneedles as a drug delivery system has progressed significantly. In addition to the …

Transdermal drug delivery using microneedles is increasingly gaining interest due to the
issues associated with oral drug delivery routes. Gastrointestinal route exposes the drug to …

The past few decades have seen a tremendous growth in the use of microneedles in the
transdermal delivery of therapeutics. This is due to the several advantages that …

In many clinical applications, the transdermal route is used as an alternative approach to
avoid the significant limitations associated with oral drug delivery. There is a long history for …

A microneedle (MN) is a micron-sized needle with a height of 10–2000 μm and a width of 10–
50 μm, which can penetrate through the epidermis layer to dermal tissue directly without …

The success of transdermal drug delivery has been severely limited by the inability of most
drugs to enter the skin at therapeutically useful rates. Recently, the use of micron-scale …

Microneedles (MNs) are micron-scaled needles measuring 100 to 1000 μm that were
initially explored for delivery of therapeutic agents across the skin. Considering the success …

Drug delivery through the skin by transdermal patches has a long history. Subsequent
growth of transdermal science proved prominent utility of transdermal systems meant for …