Toll‐like receptors (TLR s) sense structural patterns in microbial molecules and initiate
immune defense mechanisms. The structures of many extracellular and intracellular …

Introduction: The immune response is mediated via two parallel immune components, innate
and adaptive, whose effector functions are highly integrated and coordinated for the …

TLR8 is an endosomal sensor of RNA degradation products in human phagocytes, and is
involved in the recognition of viral and bacterial pathogens. We previously showed that in …

Innate immunity provides a first line of host defence against infection through microbial
recognition and killing while simultaneously activating a definitive adaptive immune …

Abstract Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a member of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, is
involved in innate immunity and mediates inflammatory responses by recognizing …

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in innate immune responses against
bacteria and viruses. TLRs localize either on the cell surface or in intracellular vesicular …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in innate immune responses to infection.
Binding of agonists to TLRs promotes maturation of antigen presenting cells, such as …

The innate immune system recognises a wide spectrum of pathogens without a need for
prior exposure. The main cells responsible are monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells …

Macrophages and dendritic cells are in the front line of host defense. When they sense host
invasion, they produce cytokines that alert other innate immune cells and also abet the …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are type I transmembrane proteins involved in innate immunity by
recognizing microbial conserved structures. Recent studies have shown that TLR3 …