Like other animals, fish have unique personalities that can affect their cognition and
responses to environmental stressors. These individual personality differences are often …

Consistent individual differences in cognitive appraisal and emotional reactivity, including
fearfulness, are important personality traits in humans, non-human mammals, and birds …

By current definition, animal welfare depends on the subjective experience of cognitive and
emotional processes that are engendered as individuals succeed or fail in coping with a …

The role of cognitive factors in triggering the stress response is well established in humans
and mammals (aka cognitive appraisal theory) but very seldom studied in other vertebrate …

In animals, personality variations in response to stress and energy demands have been
established. Cognitive processing of negative stimuli correlates with stress response …

Background In humans the stress response is known to be modulated to a great extent by
psychological factors, particularly by the predictability and the perceived control that the …

There has been a tremendous growth in scientific studies addressing fish welfare questions
over recent years. These studies provide clear evidence for fish experiencing …

How an organism deals with stressors is an integral component of survival. Recent research
has shown that differences in a well-studied personality axis in fish, the shy–bold axis, relate …

Personality traits, such as exploration–avoidance, are expected to be adaptive in a given
context (eg low-risk environment) but to be maladaptive in others (eg high-risk environment) …

Animals often experience changes in their environment that can be perceived as stressful.
Previous evidence indicates that different individuals may have distinct stress responses …