The immune system is a highly integrated network of cells sensitive to a number of
environmental factors. Interestingly, recent years have seen a dramatic increase in our …

Adaptive immune responses mediated by T cells and B cells are crucial for protective
immunity against pathogens and tumors. Differentiation and function of immune cells require …

Immunological memory is classically attributed to adaptive immune responses, but recent
studies have shown that challenged innate immune cells can display long-term functional …

Almost all nutrients in the diet play a crucial role in maintaining an “optimal” immune
response, such that deficient and excessive intakes can have negative consequences on …

Macrophages are important effectors of tissue homeostasis, inflammation and host defense.
They are equipped with an arsenal of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) necessary to …

Antibacterial resistance to infectious diseases is a significant global concern for health care
organizations; along with aging populations and increasing cancer rates, it represents a …

Immunometabolism has emerged as a key focus for immunologists, with metabolic change
in immune cells becoming as important a determinant for specific immune effector …

The immune response is tailored to the environment in which it takes place. Immune cells
sense and adapt to changes in their surroundings, and it is now appreciated that in addition …

Immune cells are highly dynamic in terms of their growth, proliferation, and effector functions
as they respond to immunological challenges. Different immune cells can adopt distinct …

Pathogen infections are recognized by the immune system, which consists of two types of
responses: an innate immune response and an antigen-specific adaptive immune response …