The study of phenotypic integration concerns the modular nature of organismal phenotypes.
The concept provides a rationale for why certain subsets of phenotypic traits show …

The modular variation of organismal form during evolution or development can be viewed as
the result of dissociated local developmental processes. Whereas studies of modularity often …

Integration and modularity refer to the patterns and processes of trait interaction and
independence. Both terms have complex histories with respect to both conceptualization …

The concept of morphological integration describes the pattern and the amount of
correlation between morphological traits. Integration is relevant in evolutionary biology as it …

Although most studies on integration and modularity have focused on variation among
individuals within populations or species, this is not the only level of variation for which …

A general model of the functional constraints on the rate and direction of phenotypic
evolution is developed using a decomposition of the Lande-Arnold model of multivariate …

The genetic correlation is a central parameter of quantitative genetics, providing a measure
of the rate at which traits respond to indirect selection (ie, selection that does not act upon …

Biological systems, from molecular complexes to whole organisms and ecological
interactions, tend to have a modular organization. Modules are sets of traits that are …

Genetic and phenotypic correlations between morphometric traits can be a direct
consequence of shared developmental history and common systems of growth regulation …

This paper presents a general model, based on Sewall Wright's method of path analysis, for
measuring the effect of selection on phenotypes. The path model analyzes the covariance …