Early recognition of invading bacteria by the innate immune system has a crucial function in
antibacterial defense by triggering inflammatory responses that prevent the spread of …

Upon microbial infection, a host has to mount a multiplicity of immune responses that target
the invading pathogen. This is achieved in part by the use of particular receptors expressed …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in host defence and inflammation. Given that a
significant amount of evidence implicates TLRs in the pathogenesis of immune diseases …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognise highly conserved molecular structures, collectively
known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns. In the past two decades, development …

Novel synthetic phospholipid compound 1 was discovered to be an antagonist of human toll-
like receptor 2 (TLR2) signaling. In a preliminary SAR campaign we synthesized several …

The best-characterized Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) ligands are lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and
its chemically modified and detoxified variant, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL). Although both …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that recognize pathogen-associated
molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damaged-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and …

Since the identification of the first Toll-like receptor (TLR) in humans in 1997, understanding
of the molecular basis for innate immunity has increased significantly. The TLR family and …

Abstract Background Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are an important family of receptors that
constitute the first line of defense system against microbes. They can recognize both …

The evolutionary conserved Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are the first identified and best
characterized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which discriminate self from nonself …