Infection susceptibility, poor vaccination efficacy, age-related disease onset, and neoplasms
are linked to innate and adaptive immune dysfunction that accompanies aging (known as …

The study of immune dysfunction in the aged organism has much to contribute to our
understanding of the biology of aging. Since the decline in protective immune reactions with …

Despite widespread influenza vaccination programs, influenza remains a major cause of
morbidity and mortality in older adults. Age-related changes in multiple aspects of the …

The innate immune system is composed of a network of cells including neutrophils, NK and
NKT cells, monocytes/macrophages, and dendritic cells that mediate the earliest interactions …

Compromised immunity contributes to the decreased ability of the elderly to control
infectious disease and to their generally poor response to vaccination. It is controversial as …

Immune responses to pathogens to which they were not previously exposed are commonly
less effective in elderly people than in young adults, whereas those to agents previously …

With advancing age, the immune system undergoes changes that predispose to
autoimmune reactivity. Aging reduces the efficiency of physical barriers, decreasing …

Aging is associated with declines in multiple areas of immune function, but to date no single
mechanism has emerged as being responsible for all the observed changes. Many changes …

Until the mid-20th century, infectious diseases were the major cause of morbidity and
mortality in humans. Massive vaccination campaigns, antibiotics, antivirals, and advanced …

The adaptive immune system has the enormous challenge to protect the host through the
generation and differentiation of pathogen‐specific short‐lived effector T cells while in …