Background Since the discovery of antidepressants, new treatments have emerged with
fewer side effects but no greater efficacy. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 β (GSK-3β), a kinase …

Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), originally described as a negative regulator of
glycogen synthesis, is a molecular hub linking numerous signaling pathways in a cell …

Little is known regarding the mechanisms underlying the complex etiology of mood
disorders, represented mainly by major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. The 1996 …

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) has recently been linked to mood disorders and
schizophrenia, and the neurotransmitter systems and therapeutic treatments associated with …

The mood disorders major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder are prevalent, are
inadequately treated, and little is known about their etiologies. A better understanding of the …

Background: Bipolar disorder (BD) is a debilitating mental ailment characterized by recurrent
episodes of mania and depression. Primary mood-stabilizing drugs like lithium and …

The enzyme glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a direct target of lithium. While originally
recognized as an important molecule in a limited number of cellular processes, with unclear …

Lithium has been in wide use for the treatment of bipolar disorder (BPD) for decades, based
on the pioneering work of John Cade and Mogens Schou (Goodwin and Jamison 1990) …

Despite many decades of clinical use, the therapeutic target of lithium remains uncertain. It is
recognized that therapeutic concentrations of lithium, through competition with the similarly …

Inhibition of Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a popular explanation for the effects of
lithium ions on mood regulation in bipolar disorder and other mental illnesses, including …