During development of the respiratory tract embryonic cells are instructed to organize
themselves along an axis and differentiate, such that proximal structures (trachea) greatly …

The vertebrate lung consists of multiple cell types that are derived primarily from endodermal
and mesodermal compartments of the early embryo. The process of pulmonary …

The complex process of lung formation is determined by the action of numerous genes that
influence cell commitment, differentiation, and proliferation. This review summarizes current …

▪ Abstract There is increasing evidence suggesting that formation of the tracheobronchial
tree and alveoli results from heterogeneity of the epithelial-mesenchymal interactions along …

Classical studies using epithelial‐mesenchymal recombinants have identified basic rules of
how tissue interactions regulate patterning of developing branching structures such as the …

Development of the mouse lung initiates on day 9.5 postcoitum from the laryngotracheal
groove and involves mesenchymal-epithelial interactions, in particular, those between the …

Complementary molecular and genetic approaches are yielding information about gain-
versus loss-of-function phenotypes of specific genes and gene families in the embryonic …

Exogenous retinoids alter pattern formation and differentiation in many developing systems,
such as limb, vertebrae, and central nervous system. Many of these effects are mediated by …

Lung morphogenesis requires the integration of multiple regulatory factors, which results in
a functional air-blood interface required for gas exchange at birth. The respiratory tract is …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) results in major remodeling of the distal
airspaces and changes in the differentiation profile of the airway epithelium. The cellular and …