A series of chronic toxicity tests was conducted exposing three aquatic species to iron (Fe) in
laboratory freshwaters. The test organisms included the green algae Raphidocelis …

We developed multiple linear regression (MLR) models for predicting iron (Fe) toxicity to
aquatic organisms for use in deriving site‐specific water quality guidelines (WQGs). The …

Iron is a common pollutant in waters near coal and hard rock mine disturbances. The current
1000 µg/L total recoverable chronic criterion for iron (Fe) for protection of aquatic life in the …

The complex chemistry of iron (Fe) at circumneutral pH in oxygenated waters and the poor
correlation between ecotoxicity results in laboratory and natural waters have led to …

One-year-old whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus, were exposed to three types of iron-rich water,
two dilutions for each, in a subchronic (30-day) experiment. In natural iron-rich humic water …

An extensive literature review, toxicity tests, and five months of field measurements of ferrous
and total iron were undertaken. Published field data and analytical procedures are scarce …

Current water‐quality criteria for metals typically are derived from toxicity tests with the metal
dissolved in clean laboratory water. Estimating the toxicity of iron from such tests, however …

The toxicity of iron (III) in fresh waters has been detected at concentrations above the iron
solubility limit, indicating a contribution of colloidal and particulate forms of iron (III) to the …

Water quality standards for cobalt (Co) have not been developed for the European Union or
United States. The objective of the present study was to produce freshwater Co toxicity data …

Although generally rare in natural aquatic systems, cobalt concentrations can be elevated
through ore and coal mining operations and discharges of certain textile dyes. The US …