Climate change refugia in the terrestrial biosphere are areas where species are protected
from global environmental change and arise from natural heterogeneity in landscapes and …

The oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions is changing seawater
chemistry in a process known as ocean acidification. The chemistry of this rapid change in …

A substantial body of research now exists demonstrating sensitivities of marine organisms to
ocean acidification (OA) in laboratory settings. However, corresponding in situ observations …

Ocean ecosystems are predicted to lose biodiversity and productivity from increasing ocean
acidification. Although laboratory experiments reveal negative effects of acidification on the …

The oceans are taking up over one million tons of fossil CO 2 per hour, resulting in
increased p CO 2 and declining pH, leading to ocean acidification (OA). At the same time …

Ocean acidification (OA) research seeks to understand how marine ecosystems and global
elemental cycles will respond to changes in seawater carbonate chemistry in combination …

Ocean acidification (OA) is rapidly emerging as a significant problem for organisms,
ecosystems, and human societies. Globally, addressing OA and its impacts requires …

Ocean acidification is a global, long-term problem whose ultimate solution requires carbon
dioxide reduction at a scope and scale that will take decades to accomplish successfully …

Coastal upwelling ecosystems around the world are defined by wind-generated currents that
bring deep, nutrient-rich waters to the surface ocean where they fuel exceptionally …

Ocean acidification is likely to have direct negative physiological consequences for many
marine organisms, and cause indirect effects on marine ecosystems. Ocean acidification …