Glutamatergic lateral habenula (LHb) output communicates negative motivational valence to
ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons via activation of the rostromedial …

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a promising therapy for treatment-resistant depression,
while mechanisms underlying its therapeutic effects remain poorly defined. Increasing …

Chronic stress is a major risk factor for depression onset. However, it remains unclear how
repeated stress sculpts neural circuits and finally elicits depression. Given the essential role …

Centrally released corticotropin-releasing factor or hormone (extrahypothalamic CRF or
CRH) in the brain is involved in the behavioral and emotional responses to stress. The …

Lateral habenula (LHb) projections to the ventral midbrain, including the rostromedial
tegmental nucleus (RMTg), convey negative reward–related information, but the behavioral …

Homeostasis describes the fundamental biological ability of individuals to maintain stable
internal conditions in a changing environment. Homeostatic reactions include internal …

The lateral habenula (LHb) processes information about aversive experiences that
contributes to the symptoms of stress disorders. Previously, we found that chemogenetic …

Neurons in the lateral habenula (LHb) are transiently activated by aversive events and have
been implicated in associative learning. Functional changes associated with tonic and …

Mounting evidence suggests that the long-term effects of adverse early life stressors on
vulnerability to drug addiction and mood disorders are related to dysfunction of brain …

The habenula (Hb) can play an important role in major depressive disorder (MDD) as it is a
key node between fronto-limbic areas and midbrain monoaminergic structures. In vivo …