Introduction Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is a useful tool for minimally invasive
hemodynamic monitoring in the ICU. Dynamic indices (such as the inferior vena cava …

Introduction Although computed tomography (CT) is widely used to investigate different
pathologies, quantitative data from normal populations are scarce. Reference values may be …

Methods The'initial diagnosis' was the diagnosis made by the senior using clinical
examination and basic tools like bedside radiograph, before admission of the patient to the …

Methods A prospective study in a five-bed ICU over a 5-month period from May to
September 2005. Confirmation of the nasogastric tube position was made by …

Introduction Monitoring cardiac output (CO) may allow early detection of haemodynamic
instability, aiming to reduce morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Continuous …

Background No definitive evidence exists on how intracranial hypertension should be
treated in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). It is therefore likely that centers and …

Introduction Based on the knowledge that traumatic brainstem damage often leads to
alteration in brainstem functions, including the vestibulo-ocular reflex, the present study is …

Introduction Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is a new technique that might enable
portable and non-invasive organ perfusion quantification at the bedside. However, it has not …

Background Kidney congestion is a common pathophysiologic pathway of acute kidney
injury (AKI) in sepsis and heart failure. There is no noninvasive tool to measure kidney …

Introduction Cardiac output (CO) monitoring is indicated only in selected patients. In cardiac
surgical patients, perioperative haemodynamic management is often guided by CO …