The neural tube defects (NTDs) spina bifida and anencephaly are widely prevalent severe
birth defects. The mouse mutant curly tail (ct/ct) has served as a model of NTDs for 50 years …

The highly conserved Grainyhead‐like (Grhl) family of transcription factors, comprising three
members in vertebrates (Grhl1‐3), play critical regulatory roles during embryonic …

The transcription factor grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2) is expressed in non-neural ectoderm
(NNE) and Grhl2 loss results in fully penetrant cranial neural tube defects (NTDs) in mice …

BACKGROUND: Grainyhead genes encode a family of transcription factors that are well
conserved from fly to human. The three mammalian homologues, Grainyhead‐like‐1,‐2, and …

Neural tube defects (NTDs) are common birth defects of complex etiology. Family and
population-based studies have confirmed a genetic component to NTDs. However, despite …

The Drosophila transcription factor Grainyhead (grh) is expressed in ectoderm-derived
tissues where it regulates several key developmental events including cuticle formation …

Runx2–Cbfa1, a Runt transcription factor, plays important roles during skeletal development.
It is required for differentiation and function of osteoblasts. In its absence, chondrocyte …

The Drosophila grainyhead (grh) and vertebrate Grainyhead-like (Grhl) transcription factors
are among the most critical genes for epithelial development, maintenance and …

Human mutations in the planar cell polarity component VANGL2 are associated with the
neural tube defect spina bifida. Homozygous Vangl2 mutation in mice prevents initiation of …

Gene‐targeted disruption of Grg5, a mouse homologue of Drosophila groucho (gro), results
in postnatal growth retardation in mice. The growth defect, most striking in approximately half …