Disruption of apical–basal polarity is implicated in developmental disorders and cancer;
however, the mechanisms connecting cell polarity proteins with intracellular signaling …

Danforth's short tail (Sd) mice provide an excellent model for investigating the underlying
etiology of human caudal birth defects, which affect 1 in 10 000 live births. Sd animals …

Purpose Neural tube defects are a group of birth defects caused by failure of neural tube
closure during development. The etiology of NTD, requiring a complex interaction between …

Cleft lip and palate are common birth defects resulting from failure of the facial processes to
fuse during development. The mammalian grainyhead-like (Grhl1-3) genes play key roles in …

GLI family zinc finger proteins are transcriptional effectors of the sonic hedgehog signaling
pathway. GLI regulates gene expression and repression at various phases of embryonic …

Mammalian Vangl1 and Vangl2 are highly conserved membrane proteins that have evolved
from a single ancestral protein Strabismus/Van Gogh found in Drosophila. Mutations in the …

Mutations in the transcription factor gene grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2) are associated with
progressive non-syndromic sensorineural deafness autosomal dominant type 28 (DFNA28) …

BACKGROUND Neural tube defects (NTDs), including anencephaly and spina bifida, have
a complex etiology. Defects in the planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathway have been …

Background Forging a relationship between progenitors with dynamically changing gene
expression and their terminal fate is instructive for understanding the logic of how cell-type …

Neural tube defect disorders are developmental diseases that originate from an incomplete
closure of the neural tube during embryogenesis. Despite high prevalence—1 out of 3000 …