Significance: The role of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species as “friend” or “foe” messengers in
the whole body is well characterized. Depending on the concentration in the tissue …

Oxygen free radicals in excessively high amounts are all very reactive chemically and can
impose a detrimental influence on living organisms by provoking “oxidative stress” that can …

Accumulating evidence shows that oxidative stress plays an essential role in the
pathogenesis and progression of many diseases. The imbalance between the production of …

The human gastrointestinal tract is home to a complex microbial community that plays an
important role in the general well-being of the entire organism. The gut microbiota generates …

The unique anatomy and physiology of the intestine in conjunction with its microbial content
create the steepest oxygen gradients in the body, which plunge to near anoxia at the luminal …

Gut epithelia and other cell types contacted by enteric commensal bacteria generate
reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to microbial signals. Physiologically generated …

The intestine is composed of many distinct cell types that respond to commensal microbiota
or pathogens with immune tolerance and proinflammatory signals respectively. ROS …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), initially categorized as toxic by-products of aerobic
metabolism, have often been called a double-edged sword. ROS are considered …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated as by-products of normal cellular metabolic
activities. Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase are the enzymes …

Throughout the human gastrointestinal tract a variety of reactive nitrogen oxides are
continuously formed as a result of a complex interplay between the host, commensal …