Objectives A new treatable venous disorder, chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency
(CCSVI), has been proposed in patients with multiple sclerosis. The natural course of CCSVI …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system
(CNS) most commonly characterized by focal areas of myelin destruction, inflammation and …

This review summarizes the research to date on chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency
(CCSVI). CCSVI was initially defined as a clinical syndrome comprising stenoses of the …

Objective An impaired cerebrospinal venous drainage, defined as chronic cerebrospinal
venous insufficiency (CCSVI), has been recently hypothesized to be the possible cause of …

The pyramidal pathway is frequently affected early on in multiple sclerosis (MS) and
impaired motor performance is a major cause of disability. Pyramidal tract function can be …

Background: It has been proposed by Zamboni and colleagues that multiple sclerosis is
caused by chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency, a term used to describe ultrasound …

The findings of the study challenge the work of Zamboni and colleagues, 2, 3 particularly
with regard to the detection of venous reflux in MS patients. I cannot agree with the main …

Objectives The traditional view that multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease has
recently been challenged by the claim that MS is caused by chronic cerebrospinal venous …

At a workshop in Bologna (Italy) in 2009, Professor Paolo Zamboni openly discussed
research that he had been pursuing for the previous few years regarding the role of venous …

Background: The extracranial venous outflow routes in clinically defined multiple sclerosis
(CDMS) have not previously been investigated. Methods: Sixty-five patients affected by …