The tissue microenvironment regulates differentiation of precursor monocytes into
macrophages. In response to the presence of microbial products, stimulated lymphocytes, or …

Fish rely, to a high degree, on the innate immune system to protect them against the
constant exposure to potential pathogenic invasion from the surrounding water during …

Melanomacrophage centers (MMCs) are aggregates of highly pigmented phagocytes found
primarily in the head kidney and spleen, and occasionally the liver of many vertebrates …

Macrophages, as crucial cellular components of innate immunity, are characterized by
possessing high plasticity and an abnormal ability to differentiate in response to numerous …

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is an ancient and evolutionarily
conserved signaling pathway involved in numerous physiological processes. Despite great …

Macrophages play an important role in first-line host defense of innate immune in fishes.
However, it is difficult to investigate cellular mechanism of immune response in fish species …

Macrophage activation is associated with profound transcriptional reprogramming. Although
much progress has been made in the understanding of macrophage activation, polarization …

The profile of prostaglandin (PG) production is determined by the differential expression of
the enzymes involved in their production and degradation. Although the production of PGE 2 …

Macrophages, which accumulate in tissues during inflammation, may be polarized toward
pro-inflammatory (M1) or tissue reparative (M2) phenotypes. The balance between these …

Immediately after a wound, macrophages are activated and change their phenotypes in
reaction to danger signals released from the damaged tissues. The cues that contribute to …