Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most toxic proteins known, due to inhibiting the
neuronal release of acetylcholine and causing flaccid paralysis. Most BoNT serotypes target …

It is intriguing to look back to Justinus Kerner's work in the early 19th century in which his
sophisticated appreciation of the clinical features of botulism led to clear delineation of the …

Axonal transport ensures long-range delivery of essential components and signals between
proximal and distal areas of the neuron, and it is crucial for neuronal homeostasis and …

Despite its extreme toxicity, botulinum neurotoxin is widely utilized in low doses as a
treatment for several neurological disorders; higher doses cause the neuroparalytic …

Ancient scientific manuscripts indicate that Dr. J. Kerner was the first, between 1817 and
1822, to suggest the possible therapeutic use of botulinum toxin, which he called “sausage …

The neurotoxins produced by various species of Clostridia are the causative agents of
botulism and tetanus. The ability of the toxins, specifically those of the botulinum neurotoxin …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) cause the disease botulism, a flaccid paralysis of the muscle.
They are also very effective, widely used medicines applied locally in sub-nanogram …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are multi-domain proteins whose potent and selective
actions on nerve endings have led to innovations in both basic and clinical science. The …

Several bacteria of the Clostridium genus (C. botulinum) produce 150 kDa di-chainal protein
toxins referred as botulinum neurotoxins or BoNTs. They associate with non-toxic …