Botulinum neurotoxins are the most potent toxins designed by nature. They are produced by
Clostridium bacteria to cause long-lasting paralysis and death. However, in the past century …

ABSTRACT Introduction: Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most potent toxins known.
BoNTs are responsible for botulism, a deadly neuroparalytic syndrome caused by the …

Three days in Madison have thoroughly modified my view on clostridial neurotoxins. While
still realizing the numerous activating, modifying and protective inputs, I cannot judge the …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), the most potent toxins known to mankind, are
metalloproteases that act on nerve–muscle junctions to block exocytosis through a very …

Among the large number of Clostridium species, which are Gram-positive, sporeforming
bacteria from the environment, some of them produce potent neurotoxins that cause …

While the poisonous effects of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) have been recognized since
antiquity, the overall actions and mechanisms of effects of BoNT have been elucidated …

Botulinum neurotoxins are known to have seven serotypes (BoNT/A–G). Here we report a
new BoNT serotype, tentatively named BoNT/X, which has the lowest sequence identity with …

The high toxicity of the seven serotypes of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT/A to G), together
with their specificity and reversibility, includes them in the list A of potential bioterrorism …

The high toxicity of clostridial neurotoxins primarily results from their specific binding and
uptake into neurons. At motor neurons, the seven botulinum neurotoxin serotypes A–G …

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is composed of the heavy chain with the receptor-binding site
and the translocation domain and the light chain with endopeptidase activity that cleaves the …