Precision medicine aims to offer “the right treatment to the right patient at the right time.” In
cardiovascular medicine the potential of precision medicine applies to all stages of the …

Sex differences in morbidity and mortality associated with cardiovascular disease have been
recognized by the medical community for decades. Investigation into the underlying …

This article addresses gender disparity in cardiovascular disease, with selected examples
used to explore whether these disparities represent bias, biology or both. Gender-specific …

Sex and gender influence all aspects of cardiovascular health and disease—including
epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, clinical manifestation, disease progression, and …

Sex-based differences in cardiovascular disease presentation, diagnosis, and response to
therapies are well established, but mechanistic understanding and translation to clinical …

The influence of biological sex on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics has been
previously described for each step of the metabolic cascade of pharmaceuticals. Women …

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) represent the most important cause of mortality in women
and in men. Contrary to the long-standing notion that the effects of the major risk factors on …

The manifestations of cardiovascular diseases differ between men and women, as do
outcomes after therapeutic interventions. It is important that those involved in drug discovery …

In the vast majority of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), there are well-described differences
between women and men in epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, effects …

Globally, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one killer of women; one third of
female deaths are due to ischemic heart disease and stroke (WHO, 2013). Historically …