The role of CD4 T cells in providing help to CD8 T cells in primary and secondary responses
to infection remains controversial. Using recombinant strains of virus and bacteria …

A critical aim of vaccine‐related research is to identify the mechanisms by which memory T
cells are formed and maintained over long periods of time. In recent years, we have …

The activation and expansion of naïve T cells require costimulatory signals provided by
CD28 and TNF family members. In contrast, for many years it was believed that memory T …

An important goal of vaccination strategies is to elicit long term, effective immunity. Therefore
it is imperative to define the parameters that regulate the development and preservation of …

T cell protective immunity is associated with multifunctional memory cells that produce
several different cytokines. Currently, our understanding of when and how these cells are …

ABSTRACT CD4 T-cell help is required for optimal memory CD8 T-cell responses. We have
found that engaging preexisiting CD4 Th1, but not Th2, memory cells at the time of CD8 T …

Memory CD8+ T cell responses have been considered to be independent of CD80/CD86-
CD28 costimulation. However, recall responses are often severely blunted in CD28−/− mice …

Both CD4+ T cell help and IL-2 have been postulated to “program” activated CD8+ T cells for
memory cell development. However, the linkage between these two signals has not been …

Whether memory CD8 T cells can be reactivated in nonlymphoid tissues is unclear. Using
mice lacking the spleen, lymph nodes, or both, we show that the secondary T cell response …

Memory CD8 T cells persist by Ag-independent homeostatic proliferation. To examine the
dynamics of this cell turnover, we transferred lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus specific …