Preclinical and clinical studies have shown bidirectional interactions within the brain-gut-
microbiome axis. Gut microbes communicate to the central nervous system through at least …

Preclinical evidence has firmly established bidirectional interactions among the brain, the
gut, and the gut microbiome. Candidate signaling molecules and at least three …

Bidirectional signalling between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain is regulated at
neural, hormonal, and immunological levels. This construct is known as the brain–gut axis …

Background & Aims Based largely on results from preclinical studies, the concept of a brain
gut microbiome axis has been established, mediating bidirectional communication between …

The gut-brain axis plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis. Many intrinsic and
extrinsic factors influence signaling along this axis, modulating the function of both the …

Modern research on gastrointestinal behavior has revealed it to be a highly complex
bidirectional process in which the gut sends signals to the brain, via spinal and vagal …

While bidirectional brain–gut interactions are well known mechanisms for the regulation of
gut function in both healthy and diseased states, a role of the enteric flora—including both …

Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), characterized by chronic abdominal
complaints without a structural or biochemical cause, are common diseases that are …

The interaction between the brain and the gut has been recognized for many centuries. This
bidirectional interaction occurs via neural, immunological and hormonal routes, and is …

Background The 'gut‐brain'or 'brain‐gut axis', depending on whether we emphasize bottom‐
up or top‐bottom pathways, is a bi‐directional communication system, comprised of neural …