The modular variation of organismal form during evolution or development can be viewed as
the result of dissociated local developmental processes. Whereas studies of modularity often …

Biological systems, from molecular complexes to whole organisms and ecological
interactions, tend to have a modular organization. Modules are sets of traits that are …

Although most studies on integration and modularity have focused on variation among
individuals within populations or species, this is not the only level of variation for which …

Groups of correlated characters (variational modules) often are considered to be the result of
dissociated local developmental factors, ie, of a modular genotype–phenotype map. But …

There is an emerging consensus about the existence of developmental and evolutionary
modules and their importance for understanding the evolution of morphological phenotypes …

The fact that phenotypic evolution can be studied on a character by character basis suggests
that the body is composed of locally integrated units. These units can be considered as …

Identifying the modular components of a configuration of landmarks is an important task of
morphometric analyses in evolutionary developmental biology. Modules are integrated …

Modularity describes the case where patterns of trait covariation are unevenly dispersed
across traits. Specifically, trait correlations are high and concentrated within subsets of …

This chapter discusses the developmental origins and evolutionary implications of
covariation between traits. These are important factors influencing the evolutionary potential …

This article began as a review of a conference, organized by Gerhard Schlosser, entitled
“Modularity in Development and Evolution.” The conference was held at, and sponsored by …