Coronavirus disease 2019, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARS‐CoV‐2), has affected 700 million people worldwide since its outbreak in 2019. The …

Currently licensed COVID-19 vaccines are all designed for intramuscular (IM) immunization.
However, vaccination today failed to prevent the virus infection through the upper respiratory …

Multiple vaccines have recently been developed, and almost all the countries are presently
vaccinating their population to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. Most of the COVID-19 …

Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic revolutionized the vaccine
market and initiated the momentum for alternative routes of administration for vaccines. The …

Abstract Unlike conventional Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines, intranasal vaccines
display a superior advantage because the nasal mucosa is often the initial site of infection …

It is striking that all marketed SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are developed for intramuscular
administration designed to produce humoral and cell mediated immune responses …

For those who have traveled by flight during this pandemic and been seated in a packed
cabin for an extended period, it is natural to worry about the elevated risk of COVID-19 …

Background The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has
caused a deadly pandemic in the 21st century, resulting in many deaths, economic loss, and …

Emerging variants of COVID-19 have threatened the effectiveness of intramuscular (IM)
vaccines since that are made to target only the spike protein. Development of Intranasal (IN) …

The development of more effective, accessible, and easy to administer COVID-19 vaccines
next to the currently marketed mRNA, viral vector, and whole inactivated virus vaccines is …