Background Highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) programs have been associated
with declines in the burden of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in industrialized …

Introduction Streptococcus pneumoniae is the commonest cause of bacteremic pneumonia
among HIV-infected persons. As more countries with high HIV prevalence are implementing …

Objective: HIV infection is a major risk factor for invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). A
national antiretroviral program was initiated in South Africa in 2004. This study evaluates the …

Invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPDs) remain a significant cause of morbidity and
mortality in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals despite the widespread …

Abstract Background The 7-valent and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs)
were introduced into the UK childhood immunization program in 2006 and 2010 …

Invasive pneumococcal diseases remain frequent and severe in HIV-infected subjects. To
identify opportunities for prevention, we assessed risk factors of invasive pneumococcal …

It is unclear whether HIV-infected individuals remain at higher risk of invasive pneumococcal
disease (IPD) compared with HIV-uninfected individuals. We conducted a cohort study of …

Background. Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is an important cause of morbidity
among individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We described …

Objective: To investigate the association between the introduction of HAART and invasive
pneumococcal disease (IPD) in HIV-infected patients. Methods: Incidence of IPD was …

Objective: HIV-infected adults have high rates of pneumococcal carriage and invasive
disease. We investigated the effect of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on pneumococcal carriage …