Abstract Background The transcription factor Grainyhead‐like 3 (GRHL3) has multiple roles
in a variety of tissues during development including epithelial patterning and actin …

The transcription factor grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2) is expressed in non-neural ectoderm
(NNE) and Grhl2 loss results in fully penetrant cranial neural tube defects (NTDs) in mice …

Failure of neural tube closure leads to neural tube defects (NTDs), common congenital
abnormalities in humans. Among the genes whose loss of function causes NTDs in mice …

Lack or excess expression of the surface ectoderm-expressed transcription factor
Grainyhead-like2 (Grhl2), each prevent spinal neural tube closure. Here we investigate the …

Primary neurulation in mammals has been defined by distinct anatomical closure sites, at
the hindbrain/cervical spine (closure 1), forebrain/midbrain boundary (closure 2), and rostral …

Cranial neural tube defects (NTDs) occur in mice carrying mutant alleles of many different
genes, whereas isolated spinal NTDs (spina bifida) occur in fewer models, despite being …

Defects in closure of embryonic tissues such as the neural tube, body wall, face and eye
lead to severe birth defects. Cell adhesion is hypothesized to contribute to closure of the …

BACKGROUND: Grainyhead genes encode a family of transcription factors that are well
conserved from fly to human. The three mammalian homologues, Grainyhead‐like‐1,‐2, and …

Abstract Background The highly conserved Grainyhead‐like (Grhl) family of transcription
factors play critical roles in the development of the neural tube and craniofacial skeleton. In …

The genetic basis of human neural tube defects (NTDs), such as anencephaly and spina
bifida (SB), is complex and heterogeneous. Grainyhead-like genes represent candidates for …