A critical element of any experimental design is the selection of the model that will be used
to test the hypothesis. As Claude Bernard proposed over 100 years ago “the solution of a …

Strong cases have been made that there are no viable alternatives to the use of animal
models in toxicology and, indeed, that virtually every major advance in the biomedical …

Current knowledge in the disciplines of pharmacology and toxicology has been achieved
largely by using experimental animals. In recent years, new knowledge in pharmacology …

Historically, the identification of potential toxicity associated with chemicals and agents has
employed higher‐animal (mammals) models and human observational data, though such …

It is the premise of this paper that there is a biological basis upon which toxicologists may be
able to extrapolate from animal models to humans. Its foundation lies in evolutionary theory …

Toxicology has made tremendous strides in the sophistication of the models used to identify
and understand the mechanisms of agents that can harm or kill humand and other higher …

The field of neurotoxicology needs to satisfy two opposing demands: the testing of a growing
list of chemicals, and resource limitations and ethical concerns associated with testing using …

Toxicology is the science of the action of substances which when introduced into an
organism cause change in its structure and/or function. In this chapter, the substances …

MAMMALIAN cells have been maintained and propagated in vitro since the early years of
this century, but their application to evaluating the toxicity of chemicals is a much more …

The key assumptions underlying modern toxicology are that (1) animals can serve as
accurate predictive models of toxicity in humans,(2) that selection of an appropriate model to …