Macrophages are known to take up “invaders” such as pathogens and viruses mainly by
phagocytosis to protect the host from infections by them. This process of phagocytosis is …

Cytokines are key instigators and regulators of immune responses and therefore hold great
potential as targets for new therapeutic strategies. However, the selection of which cytokines …

Drug delivery systems are widely researched and developed to improve the delivery of
pharmaceutical compounds and molecules. The last few decades have seen a marked …

Most potent therapeutics are unable to cross the blood-brain barrier following systemic
administration, which necessitates the development of unconventional, clinically applicable …

Dysfunction of the immune system underlies a plethora of human diseases, requiring the
development of immunomodulatory therapeutic intervention. To date, most strategies …

The formulation and delivery of biopharmaceutical drugs, such as monoclonal antibodies
and recombinant proteins, poses substantial challenges owing to their large size and …

Macrophages perform critical functions for homeostasis and immune defense in tissues
throughout the body. These innate immune cells are capable of recognizing and clearing …

As an essential component of immunity, macrophages have key roles in mammalian host
defense, tissue homeostasis, and repair, as well as in disease pathogenesis and …

During inflammation, inflammatory cells are rapidly recruited to sites of infection or injury,
where they cross physiological barriers around the infected site and further infiltrate into the …

Intracellular bacterial infections localized to the lung alveolar macrophage (AM) remain one
of the most challenging settings for antimicrobial therapy. Current systemic antibiotic …